BIOLOGIA ANIMALE E VEGETALE M - Z

Gain the ability to:

• describe structures and the fundamental biological processes of the cell and of living organisms using appropriate scientific terminology;
• understand the importance of variability so that we can distinguish and motivate the difference between living organisms;
• critically evaluate the implications and results of innovative discoveries in cell biology and living organisms;
• use the knowledge about the basic mechanisms that regulate the living matter and living organisms (animals and plants) as a substrate for the study of other biological materials of their degree course;
• follow the innovative discoveries in cell biology and living organisms by consulting the scientific literature.

Part 1: 1 CFU - 7h
The chemical composition of the cell: water, minerals, cellular macromolecules: amino acids, proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates. Principles of classification of living organisms: virus, prokaryotes, eukaryotes and
their relationship.
Autotrophy and heterotrophy organisms.

Part 2: 2 CFU - 14h
Difference between eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell, Structure and transport in the biological
membrane. Organelles: endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus, mitochondria; Lysosomes, Peroxisomes;
Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton; Core, Chromatin and chromosome

Part 3: 2 CFU - 14h
Difference between plant cell and animal cell: Plastids. Overview of Photosynthesis; photorespiration; C3
plants and C4 plants; vacuoles. Primary metabolites, intermediate metabolites and secondary
metabolites. Cell wall. The growth of the cell wall. Modifications of the cell wall: lignification, cutinization,
suberification, mineralization, gelification, pigmentation. Vegetable tissues: meristematic tissues;
Parenchymal tissues and tegumental tissues; conducting tissues; secretory tissues and mechanical
tissues.

Part 4: 2 CFU - 14h
Overview of genetics: Heterozygous, homozygous and hemizygous, dominant and recessive characters,
genotype, phenotype and karyotype, Mendel's laws. Cell cycle. DNA replication, mitosis, meiosis,
mutations in the DNA. Genetic code, transcription, translation.

Principles of classification of living organisms.
Autotrophy and heterotrophy organisms.
Virus: organization, morphology, main features and the relationship with the ecosystem.
DNA virus and RNA virus. Virus-virus interactions.

Organization of the plant body.
Classification of plants.
Morphology of the animal and plant cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
Structure and function of the cell: cell wall, cell membrane structure and function, cell permeability, transport, exocytosis and endocytosis.
The growth of the cell wall. Changes in the cell wall: lignification, mineralization, gelation, pigmentation.
Intracellular structures
Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts: structure and functions. Pigments. Biochemical mechanism of
photosynthetic light reactions, photorespiration.
Vacuolar system: origin, development and functions.
The composition of the vacuolar constituents of pharmaceutical interest.
Metabolism: primary metabolites, intermediate metabolites and secondary metabolites.
Systems of tissues and their classification.
Meristematic tissues or cells.
Adult tissues or definitive: system parenchyma, tegument system, conducting system, secretory system
and structural system.

Cell cycle. DNA replication, mitosis, meiosis, mutations in the DNA.
Heterozygous, homozygous and hemizygous, dominant and recessive characters, genotype, phenotype
and karyotype, Mendel's laws.
Genetic code, transcription, translation.

1. Solomon, Berg, Martin -Biologia- Ed. Edises
2. N.L. Campbell. -Biologia- Ed. Zanichelli
3. Helena Curtis, N Sue Barnes, Adriana Schnek, Alicia Massarini. Invito alla Biologia. - Ed Zanichelli 2017

The following texts are separate sections of the single text n. 1

1a) Solomon, Berg, Martin -Elementi Biologia- Ed. Edises integrato con

1b) Solomon, Berg, Martin -Struttura e processi vitali nelle piante- Ed. Edises