MICROBIOLOGY M - Z

Academic Year 2017/2018 - 1° Year
Teaching Staff: Daria NICOLOSI
Credit Value: 6
Scientific field: MED/07 - Microbiology and clinical microbiology
Taught classes: 35 hours
Exercise: 12 hours
Term / Semester:

Learning Objectives

  • Identify the different types of relationship that micro-organisms and human parasites determine with the host, differentiating the phenomenon "infection" from the "disease".
  • Analyze critical factors that determine the "contagion" and the spread of microorganisms and parasites correlating them with their unique biological characteristics.
  • Classify the micro-organisms and parasites in the various stages of aggregation of living matter (metazoans, prokaryotes, fungi, viruses), correlating the degree of organization with the pathogenic action.
  • According to the structural organization of micro-organisms and parasites, identify the necessary facilities / functions to perform the metabolic processes and replication and to determine the infection / disease in the host.
  • Correlate the phenomenon of variation and mutation of microorganisms and parasites with the pathogenic action and resistance to antimicrobial substances.
  • Assess the degree of resistance (survival) in the environment of microorganisms and parasites as a critical factor for the host infection.
  • Knowing the levels of prevention and protection of the production of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.
  • Know the basic principles of self-testing: Sterility, Disinfection, HACCP etc.

Detailed Course Content

The prokaryotic cell

  • The organization of the bacterial cell
  • The capsule
  • The outer membrane and peptidoglycan
  • The cytoplasmic membrane
  • The pili
  • Flagella and bacterial movement
  • The cytoplasmic organelles
  • The membrane transport and secretion systems
  • Bacterial nucleoid

Fungi, Algae, Protozoa and Helminths

Fungi:

  • Characteristics of fungi and their metabolism
  • The role of fungi in the environment and industry
  • Important fungi from the health point of view
  • The main antifungal

Algae:

  • Algae Features
  • The main phylum of pharmaceutical interest

Protozoa:

  • Characteristics of Protozoa
  • The important protozoa from the health point of view
  • The main anti-protozoal drugs

Helminths:

  • Characteristics of Helminths
  • Flatworms: Flukes and Tapeworms
  • Nematodes
  • The main anti-helmintic drug

Viruses and sub- viral structures

  • The organization of the viral particle
  • Viral symmetry
  • Replicative classes
  • Prions
  • Viroids and virusoides
  • The bacteriophage
  • The antiviral chemotherapy: major agents

The bacterial genetics and cell growth

  • The notion of genetic information transfer in prokaryotes
  • Recombination from eukaryotes to prokaryotes
  • Plasmids
  • Conjugation
  • Transformation
  • Transduction
  • Transposable elements
  • Mutations
  • The regulation of gene expression: LAC operon
  • The translational attenuation: the regulation of the TRP synthesis

Bacterial metabolism

  • Bacterial nutrition and nutritional classification of bacteria
  • The glycolytic pathways
  • The gluconeogenesis
  • Sugars alternative to glucose sugars:utilization of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose etc)
  • Metabolism of nitrogen compounds
  • The tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate cycle
  • Bacterial respiration: oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic respiration
  • Chemiolitotrophy
  • The fermentative pathways
  • Features of autotrophic metabolism
  • Photosynthesis and its diversity
  • Peptidoglycan synthesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • DNA synthesis

Cell growth and differentiation

  • The cell cycle
  • The bacterial division
  • Alternatives to "binary fission"
  • Vital not cultivable status
  • The microbial biofilms
  • The spore and spore-forming bacteria

Host parasite relationships

  • Bacterial infection
  • Viral infection
  • Fungal infection and its classification
  • Parasitic infection
  • The host response to infection
  • Vaccines

Diversity and systematics of the microbial world

Special Bacteriology (taxonomic classification, main characteristics, pathogenicity, infectious diseases, prevention opportunities, diagnostics and chemotherapy)

The main features of: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Branhamella, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Bartonella, Listeria, Gardnerella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus, Pasteurella, Vibrio, Legionella, Brucella, Bordetella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydiaceae, Rickettsiales, Spirochetales.

Special virology (taxonomic classification, main characteristics, pathogenicity, infectious diseases, prevention opportunities, diagnostics and chemotherapy)

The main features of: Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomavirus e Polyomavirus umani,Parvoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviridae, Reoviridae, retrovirus umani, Togaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, e Rubivirus, virus delle epatiti (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV,HEV, HGV)

Infection control: sterilization, principles and techniques; disinfection, principles and techniques; The principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis:

Physical methods (the heat, radiations, filtration

Chemical methods (alkylating agents, oxidizing agents)

Sterility controls (physical indicators, chemical indicators, biological indicators)

Sterilization applications in the pharmaceutical field and its limits:

  • Parenteral products
  • Products non-parenteral
  • General consideration

Objectives and implementation of the disinfection methods

Targets and mechanisms of action of disinfectants

Types of disinfectants:

  • Phenol derivatives
  • Biguanide
  • Surfactant compounds
  • Aldehydes
  • Halogens
  • Alcohols
  • Oxidizing agents

Methods for assessing the efficacy of disinfectants

The main antibiotics: mechanism of action and resistance.

 

The concept of infectious disease: the spread and prevention - Principles of microbiological diagnostic and susceptibility testing

The epidemiology of infectious diseases:

  • General concepts
  • Epidemiological terminology
  • Frequency rate
  • Recognition of an infectious disease within a population
  • Recognition of an epidemic
  • The infectious cycle: history of a disease
  • Carriers and reservoirs
  • Infectious diseases and emerging and re-emerging pathogensx.
  • Outbreak control
  • Clinical and diagnostic methods
  • Identification of pathogens
  • Susceptibility to antibiotics (susceptibility testing)

Pharmaceutical production and pharmacopeia

Assessment of pharmaceuticals contamination:

  • Essay of sterility
  • Evaluation of microbial contamination of non-sterile products

Pyrogens and bacterial endotoxins:

  • Assay for pyrogens
  • Assays for bacterial endotoxins (LAL test)

Microbiological assay:

  • Biological assay of antibiotics
  • Interferon dosing
  • Control the activity of disinfectants

Microbiological characteristics of pharmaceutical products:

  • Obligatorily sterile pharmaceutical preparations
  • Pharmaceutical preparation does not necessarily sterile

Sterilization of pharmaceutical products:

  • Sterilization methods applicable to pharmaceutical products
  • Biological sterilization indicators
  • Use of antimicrobial preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations

Good manufacturing practice for preparation of medicines:

  • Characteristics of the environment
  • Staff
  • Raw material
  • Preparation of medicines in Pharmacy

Cosmetics products

Self-monitoring and HACCP: food infections - The microbiological quality control and the environment hygiene measures

HACCP system

Description of the HACCP system: preliminary phases of the application system

Main features of HACCP system: principles 1 to 7

Food microbiology:

  • Meaning of microorganisms in food
  • Unfermented foods (meat, poultry, eggs, seafood, vegetables and fruit)
  • Fermented foods (fermented vegetables, bread, cheese, fermented milk, fermented meat products)

HACCP in pharmacies according to Legislative Decree 193/07 and s.m.i

 

Notes on guidelines for the activity of sterilization as a collective protection against biological agents for the operator in health facilities (D.Lgs. 81/2008 e s.m.i.)

The sterilization process and its enterprise management

People involved

Structural and technological requirements:

  • Large / medium-sized hospitals
  • Small hospitals

Operating protocols:

  • Harvesting
  • Decontamination
  • Washing (manual, ultrasound, automated)
  • Personal protective equipment [gloves, protective clothing, respiratory protection devices, for face protection (face shield or equivalent)]
  • Rinsing, drying, inspection and maintenance
  • Medical paper, envelopes and rolls in paper-laminated polymeric film, a polymeric material composition of various types usable in sheets, polyolefin and similar materials suitable for use in rolls or tubular, reusable Material: container
  • Sterilization (steam sterilization, with ethylene oxide, with other physical methods, gas plasma of hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid solutions)
  • Controls on environments and the process steps

Textbook Information

Microbiologia Farmaceutica II ed, Edises