General Physiology - Physiology of the nutrition
Module General Physiology

Academic Year 2022/2023 - Teacher: Rosalba PARENTI

Expected Learning Outcomes

The course allows the student to acquire the knowledge about the vital functions of man and the cellular mechanisms of the major biological systems. It analyzes the integrated functioning of the different organs and systems of control by which the living organism obtains and maintains the homeostasis inside.

Course Structure

During the course of the lessons there will be written tests and oral interviews in the appeals indicated in the exam calendar.

The student will receive a pdf of some topics covered in class, which can be downloaded from the site: http://www.dsf.unict.it/corsi/lm-13/docenti/rosalba.parenti

Detailed Course Content

BLOOD
1. Functions of plasma
2. Functions of red blood cells
3. Function of white blood cells
4. Hematopoiesis and hemocateresis
5. Metabolic product of hemoglobin (iron, pigment)
6. Hemostasis
7. Blood groups and compatibility
HEART
1. Properties of the myocardium
2. Electrical and mechanical phenomena of myocardial cell
3. Properties of the fabric starter and cardiac conduction
4. Functions of the cardiac nerves
5. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
6. Work of the heart
7. The electrocardiogram
8. The heart sounds and phonocardiogram
9. Omeometric and eterometric regulation of cardiac output
CIRCULATION
1. Flow, pressure and resistance in the arteries and veins
2. Capillaries and exchange of fluids
3. Arterial circulation
4. Venous circulation
5. Relationship between cardiac output and venous return
6. Blood Pressure
7. Blood Pressure regulation
8. Baro-receptors and reflexes
9. Kidney function in the regulation of blood pressure
10. Renin-angiotensin system
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Mechanics of breathing
2. Functions of the pleural space
3. Respiratory resistance
4. Lung compliance and chest and its measurement
5. Pressure-relaxation curve
6. Work of breathing
7. Ventilation-perfusion
8. Gas exchange and transport of respiratory gases
9. Lung function in the regulation of acid-base
10. Nervous control of respiration
11. Chemical control of breathing
12. Control of the respiratory center
13. Ventilatory responses to acidosis and alcalosis
14. Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia
RENAL SYSTEM
1. The nephron as a functional unit
2. Blood flow in the kidney and its measurement
3. Autoregulation of renal blood flow
4. Glomerular filtration and measurement of GFR
5. Mechanisms of tubular reabsorption and secretion
6. Inulin clearance, the PAI, glucose
7. Re-absorption of sodium
8. Re-absorption of glucose
9. Water excretion and urine output
10. Countercurrent Mechanism
11. Reabsorption of water: obligatory

12. Reabsorption of water: optional
13. Acidification of the urine, secretion and excretion of ammonia bicarbonate
14. Adjusting excretion d and the main electrolytes: Na +, Cl-, K +, etc.
15. Alkalosis and renal compensation in the acidosis
16. Urination and its regulation
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Diffusion and membrane transport: structure of the membrane; membrane proteins; movements through the membrane; active and passive transport.
2. Resting potential: ionic mechanisms, properties; Action potential: ionic mechanisms, properties
4. Conduction of nerve impulses
5. Synaptic transmission
6. Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and receptors
7. Sensory systems: receptors
8. The sensitivity of somatic
9. Pain
10. The vestibular system and righting reflexes
11. The different types of movement
12. Reflex movements
13. Posture
14. Voluntary movement
15. Motor cortex and descending motor pathways
16. Cerebellum
17. Nuclei of Base
18. Sleep
19. Autonomic nervous system: control of vegetative functions (temperature, dietary intake, thirst, etc.)
20. Higher functions: memory and mood
MUSCLE
1. Neuromuscular junction
2. Striated muscle: contractile proteins, sliding of the filaments, coupling excitation /contraction, mechanical properties of contraction, isometric and isotonic; metabolism; types of muscle cells.
3. The smooth muscle unitary and multi-unitary: structure; single and multi-unit smooth muscle, coupling excitation / contraction, control mechanisms of contraction, metabolism.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. Hormones, general characteristics, protein and steroid hormones; Synthesis and secretion, transport in the blood, mode of action, the first and second messenger.
2. Hormonal changes in the course of life, from prenatal to old age
3. Pituitary gland, structure and its control by the hypothalamus
4. Pituitary Hormones
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Male sex hormones
2. Female sex hormones
3. Ovarian cycle, endometrial cycle, menstruation
4. The reproductive system in both sexes
5. General concepts related to fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth and lactogenesis
 

Textbook Information

-  Fisiologia: dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati. E. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. EDISES.

-  Fisiologia medica - Guyton e Hall. EDRA

Course Planning

 SubjectsText References
1Apparato Cardio-circolatorioE. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. Edises
2Sistema respiratorioE. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. Edises
3Sistema urinarioE. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. Edises
4Sistema nervoso centrale e perifericoE. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. Edises
5Sistema RiproduttivoE. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. Edises
6Sistema nervoso autonomoE. Carbone, G. Aicardi, R. Maggi. Edises