TOSSICOLOGIA GENERALE ED AMBIENTALE

• To provide students with basic knowledge of toxicology.
• To present the main classes of potentially toxic substances.
• To provide pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts that characterize the toxicological profile and mechanism of action of xenobiotics
• Explain the concepts of risk assessment and risk management.
• Describe the toxicity of the main environmental pollutants 

Face-to-face lectures

In case of mixed or remote mode, due to the pandemic situation, necessary changes can be introduced, in order to accomplish the planned program as reported in the syllabus.

schedule: https://www.dsf.unict.it/courses/l-29_sfa/lectures-schedule

Information for students with disabilities and/or SLD: In order to guarantee equal opportunities and in compliance with regulations in force, interested students can ask for a personal interview in order to plan any compensatory and/or dispensatory measures, based on the didactic objectives and specific needs. It is also possible to contact our Department CInAP referent, Prof. Santina Chiechio

 According to the RDA, Art. 12 – University Educational Credits (CFU), within the standard workload of 25 hours of overall student commitment corresponding to one credit, the following activities may be included: a) 7 hours devoted to lectures or equivalent teaching activities, with the remaining hours assigned to individual study;b) no fewer than 12 and no more than 15 hours devoted to classroom exercises or equivalent supervised activities (laboratories), with the remaining hours assigned to individual study and independent work.

Mandatory attendance according to the rules of the teaching regulations of the Degree Course in CTF, as indicated in the following link: https://www.unict.it/sites/default/files/files/regolamenti_didattici_25_26/lauree/L%2029%20R_Scienze%20farmaceutiche%20applicate.pdf

Principles of toxicology 
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts that characterize the toxicological profile and mechanism of action of xenobiotics. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY - Areas of toxicology. Classification of toxic agents. Classification of toxic effects. Allergic reactions, idiosyncrasy; immediate and delayed toxicity reversible, irreversible, local, and systemic toxicity. Factors influencing the response to toxins.

PREDICTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT - Exposure to toxic agents: routes and sites, duration and frequency of exposure. Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity. Risk assessment. Toxicity threshold, effects without a threshold. LOEL, LOAEL, NOEL, NOAEL, NEL. Dose-response relationship. Dose-response curves. Margin of safety, ADI.

TOXICOKINETICS: ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND ELIMINATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES - Cell membranes, passive transport, filtration, active transport, facilitated diffusion. Absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption through the lungs (gases and vapors, aerosols). Absorption through the skin. Distribution, deposition sites. Blood-brain barrier, placenta. Apparent volume of distribution. Clearance. Half-life. Excretion: urinary, fecal, biliary, intestinal, cerebrospinal fluid, milk, sweat, saliva, and hair. Toxicological consequences of xenobiotic biotransformation. The cytochrome P450 system. Production of toxic metabolites through phase I and phase II metabolic reactions. Induction and inhibition of metabolism.

TOXICODYNAMICS: TOXIC-RECEPTOR INTERACTION - General information on receptors. Chemical bonds involved in ligand/receptor binding. Binding studies. Characteristics of the interaction. Reversible and irreversible interactions. Interactions between chemicals (additive effect, synergy, potentiation, antagonism, tolerance). Analysis of dose-response curves. Major classes of receptors and signal transduction mechanisms. Interaction with functional targets.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY - Major neurotransmitter systems. Morphological, functional, and biochemical alterations produced by xenobiotics. General mechanisms of cell damage. Free radicals. Mechanisms of toxicity: genotoxicity, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis.

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS - Pesticides. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Dioxins. Phthalates

1. Casaret and Doull's TOXICOLOGY: The Basic Science of Poisons, Ed. McGraw-Hill

The exam is conducted through an oral test.

Exam schedule: https://www.dsf.unict.it/corsi/l-29_sfa/calendario-esami

Information for students with disabilities and/or SLD:

To guarantee equal opportunities and in compliance with current laws, interested students may request a personal interview in order to plan any compensatory and/or dispensatory measures, based on the educational objectives and specific needs.

You may also contact the departmental CInAP (Active and Participated Integration Center - Services for Disabilities and/or SLD) coordinator, Prof. Santina Chiechio.

Describe the main mechanisms of toxicity.

Describe the primary pathways of exposure to xenobiotics.

Risk assessment.

Interaction between xenobiotics and biological targets.

Metabolic interactions.