BIOLOGIA FARMACEUTICA

Academic Year 2026/2027 - Teacher: GIUSEPPE MALFA

Expected Learning Outcomes

Knowledge and Understanding: The course equips students to describe the fundamental structures and biological processes of cells and living organisms using appropriate scientific terminology.
Applying Knowledge and Understanding: Students acquire the skills necessary to understand the importance of biological variability, enabling them to distinguish among living organisms and explain the basis of their differences.
Learning Skills: Students develop the ability to use their knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms governing living matter and organisms (both animals and plants) as a foundation for the study of other biological subjects within their degree programme.
Communication Skills: Students develop the ability to communicate effectively and convey knowledge of the fundamental structures and biological processes of cells and living organisms.
Making Judgements: Students develop critical thinking skills to evaluate the implications and significance of innovative discoveries in cell biology and the biology of living organisms. They are also encouraged to keep abreast of advances in these fields by consulting the scientific literature. 

Course Structure

The course will be structured in frontal teaching with power point projection and/or short films. During the course there will be exercises and problem based learning. If the course is delivered in blended or remote mode, appropriate adjustments may be made to the above, in order to ensure consistency with the syllabus.

Required Prerequisites

There are no minimum prerequisites.

Attendance of Lessons

Attendance is mandatory according to the teaching regulations of the Degree Course in Pharmacy as reported in the link: http://www.dsf.unict.it/it/corsi/lm-13/piani-di-studio

Detailed Course Content

Composition of living matter.
Molecular composition of cells: water, salts, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Origin and evolution of cells. Levels of organisation of living organisms: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and their relationships.
Morphology of animal and plant cells.
Biological membranes, transport across biological membranes.
Intracellular structures: Nucleus. Ribosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes. Peroxisomes. Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton. Plastids: Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts: structure and functions. Vacuoles. Cell wall. Cell wall growth. Cell wall modifications: lignification, cutinization, suberization, mineralisation, gelation, pigmentation.
Notes on photosynthesis (light phase and dark phase), photorespiration; C3 plants and C4 plants.
Metabolism: primary, intermediate, and secondary metabolites.
Genetics: concepts of heterozygous, homozygous, and hemizygous, dominance and recessiveness of traits, genotype, phenotype, and karyotype, Mendel's laws.
Cell cycle. DNA replication, mitosis, meiosis, DNA mutations.
Genetic code, transcription, translation.
The program is divided into three parts, organised in chronological order.
PART ONE 2.5 CFU – 17.5 hours
Composition of living matter. Water and mineral salts, amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, nucleic acids, living organisms, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and their relationships.
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells; structure and transport of biological membranes. Organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; Mitochondria; Lysosomes, Peroxisomes; Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton; Nucleus, Chromatin, and Chromosomes
PART TWO 2 CFU– 14 hours
Difference between plant and animal cells: Plastids. Notes on Photosynthesis; Photorespiration; C3 plants and C4 plants; Vacuoles; Secondary metabolites; Cell wall. Cell wall growth. Cell wall modifications: lignification, cutinization, suberization, mineralisation, gelation, pigmentation
PART THREE 1.5 CFU– 10.5 hours
Notes on genetics: concepts of heterozygous, homozygous, and hemizygous, dominance and recessiveness of traits, genotype, phenotype, and karyotype, Mendel's laws. Congenital disabilities. Cell cycle; DNA synthesis, mitosis; meiosis, RNA transcription; Notes on protein synthesis.
Contribution of the Course to the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 – Good Health and Well-being-Target 3.

Textbook Information

  1. Solomon, Berg, Martin -Biologia- Ed. Edises
  2. D. Sadava, D.V. Hillis, H.C. Heller, M.R. Berenbaum-Biologia-Ed.Zainichelli
  3. Solomon, Berg, Martin -Struttura e processi vitali nelle piante- Ed. Edises
  4. Poli F. - Biologia Farmaceutica - II Ed. - Pearson 2019
  5. Sadava, Hillis, Craig Heller, Hacker.Biologia , Volumi 1,2,3,4 Ed. Zanichelli


AuthorTitlePublisherYearISBN

Course Planning

 SubjectsText References
1Composition of living matter. Water and mineral salts, amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, nucleic acids.Texbook 1, 2
2Living organisms: prokaryotes, eukaryotes and their relationship.Texbook 1, 2
3Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, Structure and transport of the biological membrane. Texbook 1, 2
4Organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus, mitochondria; lysosomes, peroxisomes; ribosomes, cytoskeleton; nucleus, chromatin and chromosomes.Texbook 1, 2
5Difference between plant cells and animal cells: Plastids. Chloroplasts. Notes on photosynthesis; photorespiration; C3 plants and C4 plants; vacuoles; primary, intermediate and secondary metabolites. Texbook 1, 2, 3
6Cell wall. Growth of the cell wall. Cell wall modifications: lignification, cutinization, suberization, mineralisation, gelation, pigmentation.Texbook 1, 2, 3
7Genetics: concepts of heterozygote, homozygote, and hemizygote, dominance and recessiveness of traits, genotype, phenotype, and karyotype, Mendel's laws. Congenital disabilities. Texbook 1, 2, 
8Cell cycle. DNA duplication, mitosis, meiosis, DNA mutations.Texbook 1, 2, 
9Genetic code, transcription, translation.Texbook 1, 2, 

Learning Assessment

Learning Assessment Procedures

The final examination will be assessed on the basis of equally weighted indicators, in accordance with the intended learning outcomes (Dublin Descriptors).

The final grade takes into account the following aspects.

Quality of Knowledge, Skills and Competences

· appropriateness, accuracy, and consistency of the knowledge demonstrated;

· appropriateness, accuracy, and consistency of the skills demonstrated;

· appropriateness, accuracy, and consistency of the competences demonstrated.

Communication Skills

· clarity and effectiveness of presentation;

· appropriate use of discipline-specific terminology;

· logical reasoning and coherence in the organization of the contents;

· ability to establish connections among different topics by identifying common elements and developing a coherent overall framework, with appropriate structure, organization, and logical progression;

· ability to summarize concepts effectively, including the use of discipline-specific symbols and graphical representations, such as formulas, diagrams, and equations.

Interpersonal Skills

· willingness to engage in discussion and interact with the examiner during the oral examination.

Personal Skills

· critical thinking;

· self-assessment skills;

· problem-solving skills;

· decision-making skills.

The written examination consists of five open-ended questions to be completed within a maximum of 2 hours.

The oral examination is intended to clarify and further develop the answers provided in the written examination and, where necessary, to complement the assessment through additional questions aimed at verifying the student's knowledge of the course topics, as well as the ability to establish connections among concepts and critically analyse the course contents. The oral examination generally consists of 3 questions, one of which may be devoted to discussing aspects that emerged from the written examination. The average duration of the oral examination is approximately 20 minutes.

The final grade is expressed on a 30-point scale according to the following criteria.

Fail (Not Passed)

Knowledge and understanding: significant gaps and inaccuracies.
Analytical and synthesis skills: inadequate, with frequent generalizations.
Use of references: completely inappropriate.

Grade: 18–20

Knowledge and understanding: very limited, with evident shortcomings.
Analytical and synthesis skills: barely satisfactory.
Use of references: barely appropriate.

Grade: 21–23

Knowledge and understanding: slightly above the minimum acceptable level.
Analytical and synthesis skills: satisfactory analytical and synthesis abilities; arguments are presented logically and coherently.
Use of references: appropriate use of standard references.

Grade: 24–26

Knowledge and understanding: good.
Analytical and synthesis skills: good analytical and synthesis abilities; topics are presented clearly and coherently.
Use of references: appropriate use of standard references.

Grade: 27–29

Knowledge and understanding: very good.
Analytical and synthesis skills: strong analytical and synthesis abilities.
Use of references: demonstrates in-depth study of the subject.

Grade: 30–30 cum laude

Knowledge and understanding: excellent.
Analytical and synthesis skills: outstanding analytical and synthesis abilities.
Use of references: demonstrates extensive and critical in-depth knowledge of the subject.



Learning assessment may also be carried out on-line, should the conditions require it.

 

Information for Students with Disabilities and/or Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)

To ensure equal opportunities and in compliance with current laws, interested students may request a personal interview in order to plan any compensatory and/or dispensatory measures based on educational objectives and specific needs. Students can also contact the CInAP (Centro per l’integrazione Attiva e Partecipata — Servizi per le Disabilità e/o i DSA, (https://www.cinap.unict.it/content/referenti) and referring teacher (prof.ssa Santina Chiechio email:santina.chiechio@unict.it) within of department.

 

Examination Dates

Examination dates are published on the website of the Department of Drug and Health Sciences.  https://www.dsf.unict.it/it/corsi/lm-13/calendario-esami

 

ECTS Workload

According to the University Academic Regulations (RDA), Article 12 – University Educational Credits (CFU/ECTS), one credit corresponds to a standard workload of 25 hours of total student commitment, including:  7 hours of lectures or equivalent teaching activities, with the remaining time devoted to independent study; or 12 to 15 hours of classroom exercises or equivalent supervised activities (e.g., laboratory work), with the remaining time devoted to individual study and personal elaboration.

Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises

1) A eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell differ because
A) Eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane
B) Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
C) Eukaryotic cells can have flagella
D) Eukaryotic cells can have a cell wall
E) Prokaryotic cells cannot synthesise proteins
2) Which of these characteristics is NOT unique to the Golgi complex?
A) In plant cells, production of cell wall polysaccharides
B) Protein processing
C) Formation of secretory vesicles containing glycoproteins
D) Reception of materials from the ER
E) Accumulation of cellular digestion products