FITOCHIMICA - BIOTECNOLOGIE FARMACEUTICHE APPLICATE ALLE PIANTE OFFICINALI
Module FITOCHIMICA

Academic Year 2026/2027 - Teacher: MARIA NUNZIATA MODICA

Expected Learning Outcomes

The course aims to provide the fundamental concepts concerning the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant species, as well as their classification, their role in plants, and their use as chemotaxonomic markers. Particular attention will be devoted to techniques for extracting secondary metabolites from different plant matrices; practical examples of previously conducted studies will be presented. The course will also include an overview of the analytical techniques currently used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of secondary metabolites in plant matrices.

1. Knowledge and Understanding

The student will be able to describe and/or discuss:

  • the main metabolic pathways and the corresponding classes of secondary metabolites;
  • the principal techniques used for the extraction, separation, identification, and quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites.

Assessment method: oral examination questions.

2. Applying Knowledge and Understanding

The student will be able to apply:

  • the main extraction techniques correctly;
  • analytical procedures for the qualitative and quantitative determination of various secondary metabolites.

Assessment method: oral examination questions.

3. Making Judgements

The student will be able to:

  • evaluate the reliability of the analytical procedures adopted;
  • critically analyze the experimental results obtained.

Assessment method: oral examination questions.

4. Communication Skills

The student will be able to:

  • describe the principles of phytochemistry and the main analytical techniques using appropriate scientific terminology;
  • discuss the techniques used for the extraction, separation, and qualitative/quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites.

Assessment method: appropriate use of terminology and clarity of explanation during the oral examination.

5. Learning Skills

The student will be able to:

  • independently deepen their understanding of the topics covered;
  • retrieve information from up-to-date bibliographic sources;
  • develop an autonomous study method useful for subsequent courses.

Course Structure

The course consists of classroom lectures (6 ECTS credits, 42 hours).

If the course is delivered in blended or remote mode, appropriate adjustments may be made to the above, in order to ensure consistency with the syllabus.

According to the Academic Regulations (RDA), Article 12 – University Educational Credits (ECTS/CFU), within the standard workload of 25 hours of total student commitment corresponding to one credit, the following may be included: a) 7 hours devoted to classroom lectures or equivalent teaching activities, with the remaining hours dedicated to individual study; b) at least 12 hours and no more than 15 hours devoted to classroom exercises or equivalent supervised activities (laboratories/workshops), with the remaining hours dedicated to study and personal review.

Required Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of General and Inorganic Chemistry. 

Main topics of general chemistry that provide the foundation for analytical chemistry:

  • Periodic Table of the Elements
  • Chemical Equilibrium (equilibrium constants, law of mass action, equilibrium shifts, and Le Chatelier’s principle)
  • Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (the concept of electrolytes, electrolytic dissociation, acids and bases, acid and base strength and its measurement, ionization of water, ionic product of water, pH, pH calculations for strong and weak acids and bases, salt solutions and hydrolysis, buffer solutions, pH indicators)
  • Precipitation Equilibria (solubility and solubility product constant, Ksp; effects of the common ion, pH, temperature, and concentration on the solubility of sparingly soluble salts)
  • Complex Ions (structure and nomenclature of complexes, bonding in coordination compounds, stability and instability constants, equilibria involving complex ions)
  • Chemical Nomenclature and Chemical Reactions (oxidation numbers; oxidation and reduction reactions).This knowledge is considered essential for a full understanding of the course topics.
    Formal prerequisites: in accordance with the Degree Program's Academic Regulations, eligibility to take the examination is subject to passing the prerequisite examinations specified therein (General and Inorganic Chemistry I).

Attendance of Lessons

The course consists of classroom lectures during which the theoretical aspects of phytochemistry will be discussed. Attendance is mandatory, as required by the academic regulations of the Bachelor's Degree Program in SFA: http://www.dsf.unict.it/corsi/l-29_sfa/regolamento-didattico.

Absences are permitted for no more than 30% of the total lecture hours. Attendance is compulsory.

Detailed Course Content

During the course, students will attend lectures in which the basic principles of secondary metabolic pathways and their main products will be presented. The second part of the course will focus on extraction and analytical techniques currently used for plant matrices.

MODULE I – 3 ECTS

§ INTRODUCTION TO SECONDARY METABOLISM

  • Primary and secondary metabolites.
  • Role of secondary metabolites in plant species.
  • Factors influencing the content of secondary metabolites in a plant species.

§ SECONDARY METABOLIC PATHWAYS

  • The acetate pathway.
  • The mevalonate pathway.
  • The shikimate pathway.
  • Biosynthetic building blocks and the main products of each pathway (general chemical structures representative of each metabolic class).

§ IN-DEPTH STUDY OF SECONDARY METABOLIC PATHWAYS

  • Carotenes, carotenoids, and apocarotenoids: the metabolic profile of saffron.
  • Simple phenols and polyphenols: the different subclasses, from phenylpropanoids to anthocyanins.
  • Terpenes and terpenoids: essential oils.
  • Alkaloids.

MODULE II – 3 ECTS

§ HOW TO APPROACH A PLANT MATRIX

  • Extraction techniques for volatile and non-volatile metabolites:
    • Simple extraction
    • Sequential (cascade) extraction
    • Hydrodistillation
    • Steam distillation
    • Overview of non-conventional extraction techniques

§ ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

  • Analytical methods currently used for the determination of volatile and non-volatile metabolites in plant species.
  • Chemotaxonomy (basic concepts and examples).

§ CASE STUDIES DISCUSSED IN CLASS.

Textbook Information

1. Alessandro Bruni, Biologia Farmaceutica, Edizioni Pearson.

2. Marco D’ischia, La Chimica organica in laboratorio, Casa Editrice Piccin:

3. Paul M. Dewick, Chimica biosintesi e bioattività delle sostanze naturali, Casa Editrice Piccin

For further information: lecture notes and teaching materials available on Studium UniCT.

Course Planning

 SubjectsText References
1Metabolic cycles and classification of secondary metabolitesChapter 7 (pages 127–171); Teaching Material
2Extractive and Analytical Techniques Applied to the Study of Plant MatricesChapter 2.5 (pp. 98-105); Chapter 3.1 (pp. 111-120); Chapter 3.2 (pp. 121-132); Chapter 3.7 (pp. 152-163); Chapter 3.8 (pp. 164-182); Chapter 4 (pp. 197-199); Chapter 4.3 (pp. 219-238); Chapter 6.2 (pp. 384-395); Chapter 8.4 (pp. 639-653). Teaching material.

Learning Assessment

Learning Assessment Procedures

Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises

The oral examination will cover both topics presented during the lectures (Modules I and II). More specifically, there will be at least one question on the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (Module I):

  • Acetate pathway: biosynthetic building block, description of the biosynthetic pathway, and main metabolites (general chemical structure);
  • Mevalonate pathway: biosynthetic building block, description of the biosynthetic pathway, and main metabolites (general chemical structure);
  • Shikimate pathway: biosynthetic building block, description of the biosynthetic pathway, and main metabolites (general chemical structure).

There will also be at least one question on the techniques for processing, extraction, and qualitative/quantitative analysis of complex plant matrices (Module II):

  • Distillation, hydrodistillation, and steam distillation;
  • Column chromatography: type of column, stationary phase, and mobile phase;
  • HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography): stationary phase and mobile phase;
  • Gas chromatography: stationary phase and mobile phase.