PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

The purpose of the course is to give the students the backgrounds for the comprehension of Organic Chemistry, in its applied form and in its connections with the field of herbal science and of nutraceutical products.

Atomic structure. Chemical bond. Isomerism and structural formulas. Acids and bases.

ALKANES. Nomenclature. Structure. Sigma bond. Conformation. Chemical and physical properties. Radical substitution. Oxidation and combustion.

CYCLOALKANES. Nomenclature. Geometric isomerism. Conformations

ALKENES. Nomenclature. Structure. Pi bond. Geometric isomerism. Chemical and physical properties. Electrophilic additions: Markovnikov rule, carbocation stability. Oxidation.

DIENES. Nomenclature. Stability of conjugate dienes. Resonance. 1,2 and 1,4 addition.

ALKYNES. Nomenclature. Structure. Chemical and physical properties. Acidity. Electrophilic additions.

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. Structure, resonance energy, aromaticity. Derivatives nomenclature. Aromatic electrophilic substitutions: mechanism and substituents effect on the reactivity and orientation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

STEREOCHEMISTRY. Optical activity. Enantiomers and chirality:optical activity and biological interest. Diastereoisomers. Raceme resolution. Molecular models.

HALIDES. Nomenclature. Chemical and physical properties. Nucleophilic substitution: stereochemistry. Elimination reaction. Competition between elimination and substitution. Aryl halides.

ALCOHOLS. Nomenclature. Structure. Hydrogen bond. Main preparations. Acidity, oxidation and dehydration. Glycols.

PHENOLS. Nomenclature. Structure. Acidity.

ETHERS. Nomenclature. Structure. Chemical properties. Cyclic ethers. Epoxides.

ALDEHYDES and KETONS. Nomenclature. Structure of carbonyl group. Preparations. Nucleophilic additions, mechanism. Oxidation. Reduction. Keto-enol tautomerism. Aldol condensation.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and THEIR DERIVATIVES. Nomenclature. Carboxylic group acidity. Fatty acids. Insaturated acids. Preparations. Esterification. Saponification. Acyl nucleophilic substitution. Acyl halides. Anhydrides. Amides.

DIFUNCTIONAL ACIDS. Dicarboxylic acids. Hydroxyacids. Lactons and lactides. Ketoacids. Claisen condensation.

LIPIDS. Phospholipids. Fats and oils. Soaps. Waxes.

AMINES. Nomenclature. Structure. Chemical and physical properties. Basicity. Reactions of amines as nucleophiles. Reactions with nitrous acid. Diazonium salts.

HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS: Pyrrole, furane, thiophene, imidazole. Pyridine, pyrimidine, indole (a short account).

CARBOHYDRATES. Nomenclature. Stereoisomerism. Acyclic and cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Mutarotation. Glycosides. Disaccharides and polysaccharides.

AMINOACIDS and PROTEINS. Structure and dipolar ions.Acidity and basicity. Isoelectric point. Geometry of peptide bond. Levels of proteins structure.

NUCLEOTIDES and NUCLEIC ACIDS. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Primary structure of DNA. Secondary structure of DNA.

POLYMERS. Addition polymerization. Condensation polymerization (a short account).

H. Hart C. M. Hadad, L. E. Craine, D. J. Hart- Chimica Organica VII edizione- Zanichelli editore S. p. A. – Via Irnerio 34- 40126 Bologna.

W. H. BROWN, T. POON – Introduzione alla Chimica Organica IV edizione – EdiSES S.r.l. - Via nuova S. Rocco, 62/A – P.co Soleado – Napoli.